In the case of the primate of Lyons, Gregory was misled by a collection of canon law (Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals) that, unknown to him, had been forged in the 9th century.
Despite their rare occurrences, these insertions of transposable elements offset the loss of DNA through frequent small deletions; and in fact, in the case of the primates, such rare long insertions are sufficient to result in a net gain of DNA in introns.
The same conclusion is reached in the case of non primate species such as geese (Anser domesticus, [ 51]), cattle (Bos Taurus, [ 52]) and sheep (Ovis aries, [ 53]).
In the case of primate alpha-satellite DNA, the sequence homogenization events occurred at the level of higher order repeats (HORs) and not at the monomeric level.
However, in most cases alternative splicing is not synonymous with an exaptation event and, in the case of primate Alu elements, may be subject to loss in some species, suggesting that the exaptation process takes time to occur [ 183, 184].
In case of nonhuman primates the Tcm and Tem subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can be identified on the basis of differential expression of CD28 and CD95 markers [15].
This is not a major problem in the case of primates, because a power law with an exponent of 3/4 can be considered as a reasonable proxy even when phylogenetic effects are removed ([ 69, 70], this analysis).
In the case of primates that evolved the ability to distinguish red from a green background, it appears that the information that had previously been provided through chemical cues or signals became less important, so that selection on the genes that keeps the VNO functional was relaxed.
In the case of non-human primates, very few genes for neurotransmitter receptors have been cloned, meaning that crucial receptor-ligand affinities, allosteric modulators, post-translational modifications, alternative splicing variants, and receptor subunit compositions, all relevant to anesthetic-mediated neural injury, are unknown for this species.
Then there's the case of the ancient primates that traveled from Asia to Africa.
