A hallmark of these studies is that they are performed without a specific hypothesis, but they require an ability to classify the surveyed population into "diseased" and "non-diseased" individuals (in this case, colonies) based on a case definition.
In both cases, colony organization is multiparametrically profiled with the Delaunay triangulation.
In all cases, colony radii were measured daily across two perpendicular axes with a digital Vernier caliper.
In these cases, colony survival may be due to resistance from the bees (De Jong and Soares 1997) or changes in the mites (c.f. Seeley 2006).
These studies suggest that nestmates can distinguish healthy from unhealthy nestmates, although in many cases, colony level studies need to be performed to determine if the behavioral modifications truly decrease disease spread.
In all cases, colonies were isolated a few hours before the predicted spawning in 60 100 l tanks containing filtered seawater (FSW, 1 µm).
In both cases, colonies were visible after two weeks but the number of colonies was significantly greater in CD133 + cells (P<0.0001, and P<0.003) in 2D and 3D culture respectively (Figure 5c and 5d).
In the remaining cases, colonies of undifferentiated cells appear and progressively invade the flask, allowing for a first transfer.
Cell lines were generally stained with carbol fuchsin for assessment of clonogenic survival but, in some cases, colonies were fixed in 10% unbuffered formalin to allow immunocytochemical investigations to be done.
In no case, all colony descendants were lacZ positive, indicating that recombination predominantly occurred during colony formation.
