Samples were collected using a high-volume surface sampler, a specially designed vacuum cleaner that collects particles > 5 μm in diameter (HVS3; Cascade Sampling Systems, Bend, OR).
The possible health effects of such exposures have been investigated in epidemiologic studies using a variety of exposure assessment techniques, including use of a specially-designed vacuum cleaner called the high-volume surface sampler (HVS3, Cascade Sampling Systems, Bend, Oregon) [ 13, 14] to collect carpet dust samples in the child's home.
For each tunnel, five fractions with different aerodynamic diameters of particulate matter were collected with a multistage cascade sampler.
Airborne particulates were sampled in seven tunnels during their excavation in Central Italy using a multistage cascade sampler (Sioutas Cascade Impactor, SKC, Eighty Four, PA, USA).
This can have two explanations: first, particles at high concentration values, in the order of mg, form aggregates that could have different characteristics and behavior respect to isolated particles; second, the ability of Sioutas multistage cascade sampler that did not discriminate particles with diameters less than 0.25 μm (i.e., nanoparticles), to penetrate the nuclear pore diameter.
Most prior studies have collected a sample of house dust from carpets or rugs with the high-volume, small-surface HVS-3 sampler (Cascade Stamp Sampling Systems, Bend, OR) (Lewis et al. 1994; Roberts and Dickey 1995; Simcox et al. 1995).
As described previously [ 14, 18], from October 2001 to June 2006, we collected residential dust samples using a high volume small surface sampler (HVS3) (Cascade Stack Sampling Systems, Bend, OR).
We collected dust samples using a specialized vacuum, the high-volume small-surface sampler (HVS3; Cascade Stack Sampling System, Venice, FL), from December 2001 through March 2006.
The method transforms the mixed filtering and down-sampling stages to separate cascade filtering and sampling stages to determine the unfolded frequency response which shows the anti-aliasing ability of the mixer.
Generally speaking, if a sample is occluded of type and if this sample is rejected by the main cascade, this sample will be passed to the McCascade C I. Note that with this principle of cascading with evidence, there is no explicit occlusion detection.
In a study of mail carriers between 25 and 46 years of age in Taiwan, no significant HRV effects from PM (mean sample time of approximately four hours using a personal cascade impactor sampler with a pump) were observed despite reported higher traffic-related air pollution exposure levels as compared to other studies (median PM2.5 exposure = 61.3 μg/m) [ 51].
