Autophagy is initiated by a cascade of modification steps termed the ATG12 and LC3/Atg8-conjugation systems, leading to the formation of autophagosomes.
In bacteria, the linkage of input signals to output responses entails a cascade of protein modifications, basically of two modes: One-component and two-component systems (denominated as 1CST and 2CST, respectively).
In mitosis, it is believed that this cascade of histone modifications is acting independently of condensin to compact chromosomes [ 45].
Together, this cascade of histone modifications was proposed to drive chromatin hypercondensation during mitosis, independently from condensin [ 45].
GATA-3 transcription factor appears essential to initiate the cascade of epigenetic modifications that stabilize Th2 gene expression signature and lineage commitment (Yamashita et al. 2004).
The cytosolic protein KRAS requires a cascade of posttranslational modifications initiated by a CAAX motif, catalyzed by farnesyltransferase (FTase) in order to localize to the cell surface for normal function.
Information transmission in cells occurs through complex networks of proteins and genes and is relayed through cascades of biochemical modifications, which are typically studied through ordinary differential equations.
Instead, IRT1 lncRNA transcription through the IME1 promoter reduced recruitment of the essential POG1 transcription factor, increased nucleosome density and induced the SET1/2 mediated cascades of histone modifications, which were shown to be necessary for silencing [ 64].
This results in the arrest of the C-24 hydroxylation initiated cascade of side chain modifications at the C-24 oxo stage, thus producing the stable C-24 oxo metabolites which are as active as their parent analogs.
Degradation of collagen is mediated by a family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), whose activity is regulated at multiple levels including synthesis, activation, activity inhibition (tissue MMP inhibitors) and synthesis of collagen involves a cascade of post-translational modification reactions leading to a mature, high tensile strength support structure.
