The territory is, for the architect, cartography that observes data, information, traces, market gardens and historic gardens, infrastructure, archaeological sites and industrial settlements, contour lines, environmental dominants, and geological and hydrogeological stratifications.
Virtual Field Trips in essence try to capture the real world environment of a specific location or region through a collection of data, photographs, cartography and other technologies such as GIS, without the cost of physically being there (Carmichael & Tscholl, 2011).
Widespread availability of remote sensing data along with thematic cartography and implementation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), allows a fast integration of landscape environmental attributes, effectively reducing time and costs.
Unlike conventional maps, with neo-cartography (i.e., "new cartography"), the data is not controlled by an elite few.
A cross-disciplinary review including the fields of typography, cartography, and coding interfaces yields various typographic techniques to encode data into text, and provides scope for an expanded design space.
The results were then converted from 3-D models into 2-D pictures by parameterization software Pro/ENGINEER to provide designers precise and realistic dimensional data, which effectively reduced time in cartography and increased historic building dimension precision during digitalization.
Ian Warren is the director of Election Data, a consultancy specialising in election analysis, cartography and demographic segmentation.
Most interesting is his determination to distinguish landscape painting from cartography and its concerns with mathematical and geometric accuracy and empirical data collection.
Governments and municipal planning departments have digitalized cartography and routinely use GIS, but they still collect most of demographic data according to where people officially live rather than how they move and/or communicate.
Linking with GIS, a desktop- and a web-based model-results data atlas were developed to provide an interactive environment for various cartography and time series plots.
