In the present sample, Cronbach's alphas for the Paternal Care, Paternal Protection, Maternal Care and Maternal Protection subscales were 0.92, 0.84, 0.90 and 0.85, respectively.
Gender differences and inter-correlations in relative telomere length, PBI scores (paternal care, paternal protection, maternal care, and maternal protection), and age were tested by the Student's t-test and the Pearson's linear regression test, respectively.
He was a natural leader, caring mentor, and paternal figure for everyone privileged to work under his tutelage.
Because male survival is different between populations in which maternal and parental care are provided (see main text), it is simpler to consider separately the cases when care is maternal and when care is paternal.
Most of them exhibit maternal care, whereas exclusive paternal care is restricted to four families only with reports of dozens of genera: Belostomatidae, Coreidae, Reduviidae, and Pentatomidae [ 15, 17, 18].
In 27%% of surveyed families, children were cared for at paternal grandparents' households and nearly 13%% at maternal grandparents' households (Chen et al. 2011).
Maternal grandparents also tend to provide more care than paternal grandparents, and daughters with paid employment tend to receive more care than daughters without paid employment.
In our study, descriptive statistics suggested that grandmothers tend to give more childcare than grandfathers, and maternal grandparents tend to give more care than paternal grandparents.
Catherine was first cared for by her paternal grandmother, Alfonsina Orsini (wife of Piero de' Medici).
In total, the evolution of four different traits is studied, paternal care for daughters, maternal care for daughters, paternal care for sons, and maternal care for sons.
