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The usefulness of vesicles to cargo material depends on the design of new ligands able to incorporate easily inside the bilayer and also to direct the vesicles to the targeted site.
Initially, small-membrane structures called isolation membranes or phagophores are observed, which gradually enclose cargo material as they grow.
During autophagy, double membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes are formed that, upon fusion with the lysosomal system, deliver cytoplasmic cargo material for degradation (Kraft and Martens, 2012).
Autophagosomes form in a de novo manner and, in the course of their formation, isolate cargo material from the rest of the cytoplasm.
Multiple binding sites in the yeast cargo receptor Atg19 promote selective and exclusive engulfment of cargo material by Atg8-covered membranes (Sawa-Makarska et al., 2014 ).
Here we show in a variety of in vitro and in vivo systems that the oligomerization of p62 generates high-avidity interactions with ubiquitin and LC3B-coated surfaces, which allows p62 to select for cargo material and the isolation membrane.
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The effect of bulk cargo materials - iron ore and coal – on the corrosion of cargo hulls in carriers was investigated using electrochemical noise.
At the harbour higher concentrations were obtained for tracers (P and Mn, and V and Ni in a lesser extent) of some mineral bulk cargo materials.
Smart therapeutic and diagnostic or bioimaging NPs carrying cargo materials, such as drugs, DNAs, RNAs, proteins, and imaging reagents, have been widely developed [11, 13, 29 33].
By enlargement, classical early endosomes mix cargo materials and form several membrane domains of maturation.
During autophagy, cargo materials are engulfed in double-membraned vesicles called autophagosomes that then fuse with the lysosomes for subsequent digestion and recycling of their content [ 4, 5].
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