All equations above and in the main text hold for any choices of the functions that relate parental care to offspring survival, offspring competitiveness, and adult mortality.
Investors ostensibly care about offspring.
When males are required to care for offspring, testosterone levels will decrease.
In certain species of microhylids -- frogs that lay eggs on the ground, not in water, and produce froglets, not tadpoles -- male care of offspring predominates.
How can the evolution of sterility in workers and their care of offspring not their own be accounted for?
Differences in life history strategies, which include an organism's allocation of its time and resources to reproduction and care of offspring, greatly affect population dynamics.
The reproductive instinct of this fish comprises (for the male) territorial fighting, nest building, mating behaviour, and care of offspring at the first level of the hierarchy.
The males, the ones with the small gametes, rush around impregnating females as fast as they can, hopping from one female to the next, leaving the actual care of offspring to their transitory mates.
In addition, in many species, the contribution of the male to the care of offspring would be lost and it has recently been suggested that a female bird's body may be too hot for proper egg development.
In contrast to the obvious link between paternal care and offspring welfare seen in tamarins and marmosets, a male Barbary macaque's fascination with infants can look less than kid-friendly.
