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These presentations involve cardiac rhythm disturbance, transient asystole, decreased heart rate variability, diminished cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms, altered pain perception, and abnormal thermoregulation [5].
On the other hand, hypovolaemic anaemia must be avoided, as the cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms required to maintain oxygen transport in the setting of anaemia are severely compromised.
Cardiovascular compensatory consequences of anemia include tachycardia, increased cardiac output, a hyperdynamic state due to reduced blood viscosity, and vasodilation enabling tissue perfusion.
Fluctuations in BP and ion concentration can initiate renal and cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms through the renin angiotensin system, and aldosterone secretion [ 11].
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The sympathetic nervous system is critical for controlling normal cardiovascular function and compensatory responses to changes in posture.
The fact that Vioxx was so effective at suppressing arthritic conditions is the very same reason why so many developed compensatory cardiovascular problems.
Rapid ultrafiltration then fails to elicit compensatory cardiovascular (CV) responses, such as vasoconstriction and rising cardiac output, while the combination of inadequate peripheral vascular tone and plasma refilling insufficiency leads to the drop of BP [ 3].
Because FGF-21 is an adipokine with glucose-lowering effects [8], [13], [28] [30], it was speculated that the paradoxical increase of this protein in populations with risk of cardiovascular disease is a compensatory mechanism to counteract metabolic stress.
Anemia increases morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular diseases, due to compensatory consequences of hypoxia, such as a hyperdynamic state with increased cardiac output, left ventricular hypertrophy and progressive cardiac enlargement, and, probably, a proatherogenic role.
The reduced circulating levels of endothelial miRs (miR-126) in disease patients in both the studies was striking, because miR-126 is expected to be increased in cardiovascular disease as a compensatory mechanism to induce vasculogenesis.
Because FGF21 is an adipokine with glucose-lowering effects (1– 4), it is tempting to speculate that paradoxical increase of this protein in cardiovascular risk populations is a compensatory mechanism to counteract metabolic stress.
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