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However, the therapeutic potential of this approach mostly in the cardiac field is limited by the poor cell survival and the restricted area of effect confined to the cell-injection site.
Zebrafish isl1 is expressed in the lateral-most cells of the cardiac field.
However, once the cardiac disc has formed the myocardial tissue originating from the right cardiac field involutes ventrally and moves towards the anterior/left.
At neurula stages, Xic1 is not strongly expressed in the cardiac field, suggesting that Xic1 is unlikely to play a role in the early stages of cardiac development.
We aimed to determine the extent to which cell-cycle progression is required for either the specification of the presumptive cardiac field or for differentiation of Xenopus cardiomyocytes.
Loss of Xic1 had no effect on expression of Nkx2.5 at early stages, indicating that Xic1 levels do not influence the specification of the presumptive cardiac field.
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Independent from its role in regulating cardiogenic differentiation, Hand2 is also required for the movement of the cardiac fields towards the embryonic mid-line by regulating fibronectin levels.
Similar to the embryo, evidences from the ESCs system suggest the existence of two cardiac fields or lineages with comparable molecular interregulatory networks (reviewed in [ 2]).
Up to disc stage, the heart morphogenesis process can be regarded as symmetrical, because there are no morphological differences between the left and right cardiac fields.
Besides a cell-autonomous role for Hand2 during cardiogenic differentiation, Hand2 also has a non-cell-autonomous role during fusion of the bilateral cardiac fields by repressing fibronectin production (see below in section 2.2).
Current methodologies, based on nuclear signals and pertaining to phase sensitive flow, enable velocity fields to be encoded within cine MR images, which are then post-processed during cardiac flow field mapping [10], [11].
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