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ATP sensitive (K+ATP) potassium cardiac channels are recruited when ATP levels are low as in ischemic injury and acute trauma.
The finding that BK channel inhibitors also induced bradycardia in isolated hearts supports the hypothesis that this effect is mediated through a direct effect of BK channel inhibitors on cardiac channels rather than indirectly through non-cardiac pathways.
The experiments reveal a pronounced selectivity for Kv1.1 1.2 3) over the cardiac channels (Table 3).
Additionally, cardiac channels such as potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 (KCND2) and plakophilin-2 (PKP2) also only be found in the marine medaka.
Moreover, to eliminate any cardiac liability, all identified hits were assayed against cardiac channels known to be involved in the cardiac action potential.
However, because beneficial effects of β-blockade therapy might require chronic-dosing-induced remodeling of cardiac channels, chronic treatment with propranolol might be required for efficacy in RTT mice.
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TBX5, a cardiac TF, regulates a network of cardiac channel genes to maintain cardiac rhythm.
Further, activation of PKG renders changes in the single-channel open and closed properties of cardiac KATP channels, which may form the kinetic basis of channel stimulation.
In conclusion, here we report for the first time that PKG bidirectionally modulates cardiac KATP channels; PKG stimulates cardiac KATP channels via an intracellular signaling mechanism consisting of ROS (particularly H2O2), calmodulin, and CaMKII, whereas inhibits the channel likely by direct PKG phosphorylation of the channel or some closely associated regulatory protein.
Gus Grant and David Wendt review recent studies on the block and modulation of cardiac Na+ channels and the place of Na+ channel blockers in future antiarrhythmic drug development.
The rate of inactivation of cardiac sodium channels appeared to be strongly dependent on the initial channel state.
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