Traditionally, ECG gated CT/MR have been used to define cardiac chamber enlargement.
Cardiac chamber sizes were assessed according to recent guidelines [25, 26].
These abnormalities are associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac chamber dilation and eventually with heart failure.
Cardiac chamber sizes, presence of pericardial effusion as well as median LVEF were similar between the two groups.
Coronary artery fistulas are abnormal and rare communications between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or a major vessel.
An erroneously diagnosed PEF in the unstable patient may lead to undue pericardiocentesis with the strong possibility of cardiac chamber perforation, pericardial tamponade, and eventually, death.
Coronary artery fistulas (CAF) form a group of congenital abnormalities characterised by an abnormal connection with a cardiac chamber or great vessel.
Cine MRI is nowadays considered the reference technique for accurately measuring cardiac chamber size, ventricular function and myocardial mass (Figs. 1 and 3) [15, 16, 17, 18] 18].
Cardiac CT better delineates the course of the tortuous vessel and can possibly show a jet into the draining cardiac chamber or vessel.
However, this factor is operator dependent, and in experienced hands final geometry of a cardiac chamber can be obtained within 30 minutes [21].
This would have required regular access to the cardiac chamber of the phantom which was impractical with the amount of steps of increasing concentration used in this study.
