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After completing the unframed card sorting, subjects were then asked to respond to two reflective prompts that probed the reasoning behind their card groupings and group names: 1) "Describe why you grouped certain problems together and give an example of your reasoning".
In this section, we describe the development of the card sorting task, the implementation of the task, and the multiple new analytical approaches developed to quantify card sorting differences within and across participant populations with regard to: constructed card groupings, constructed card group names, and responses to reflective prompts.
As described in Methods, comparisons between constructed card groupings were accomplished by identifying all the card pairs that existed within a card group for each of the groups generated by an individual participant.
As described in Methods, comparisons between the names given to constructed card groupings by non biology majors and biology faculty were accomplished through blind coding of the card group names for the presence of hypothesized deep features or hypothesized surface features.
In examining how non biology majors named their card groups, 40% of non biology majors used language aligned with the four surface features (see Results and Figure 7) to describe their card groupings, whereas a range of 0 40% used the four deep feature group names (see Results and Figure 6).
Given our desire to make this assessment tool useful with large groups of students, we have also developed companion analytical techniques that enable automated, quantitative analysis of card groupings, as well as rubrics to enable blind scoring of the qualitative data that are generated as card group names and rationales for sorting strategies.
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In addition to audio-recording the above tasks, both investigators completed a detailed scoring rubric that permitted efficient specification of card sort groupings as well as participant explanations for their groupings (the rubric is available from the senior author upon request).
The "conferences" and "negotiations" in Climate Poker are groupings of cards, not actual role-playing conversation among the players.
The groupings of notifications, similarly called cards, give the feed some much-needed content and UI/UX upgrades.
At two of the groupings of desks, place an index card with the following instructions written on it: Your group represents a minority population in your country.
At the other two groupings of desks, place an index card with the following instructions written on it: You represent a government that has been waged war upon by a minority group in your country.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com