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Carcinogen identification is an activity grounded in the evaluation of the results of scientific research.
In its practice of carcinogen identification, IARC is committed to the highest standards of scientific and ethical conduct.
The future of carcinogen identification will be one of continuing evolution to reflect changes in the underlying science.
Pertinent data for carcinogen identification include human epidemiologic studies, long-term bioassays in experimental animals, and other relevant data on toxicokinetics and cancer mechanisms.
Analysis of the results in relationship to chemical structure has shown that mutagenic potential is a primary risk factor for carcinogen identification.
Thus, carcinogen identification is an exercise in hazard identification, distinct from the tasks of estimating human dose response functions, estimating current or future human exposures, or characterizing the risk from current or future human exposures.
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Another implication of using mechanistic data will be carcinogen identifications that are based on scientific inference in the absence of tumor studies in humans or experimental animals.
For most known carcinogens, identification of increased risk of solid tumors (particularly brain tumors) has required long follow-up periods of subjects with substantial exposure.
These areas of investigation have included kinetics of carcinogen metabolism, identification of carcinogen metabolites, levels of carcinogen binding to DNA, and analysis of carcinogen-DNA adducts.
Presently, where the current testing strategy for identifying carcinogenic properties of novel chemicals has been designed to effectively capture genotoxic carcinogens, for the identification of important class of non-genotoxic carcinogens no suitable short-term test model, neither in vivo nor in vitro, is available yet.
Epidemiological evidence and animal experiments indicate that the slightly soluble hexavalent salts are the most potent carcinogens, but proper identification and characterization of exposure patterns in epidemiological work are lacking.
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