That would allow the airlines to compensate for any increase in emissions after 2020 by purchasing carbon permits from various other carbon reduction projects.
But in March, a bill was introduced in Congress that would require the Environmental Protection Agency to specifically regulate black carbon and direct aid to black carbon reduction projects abroad, including introducing cookstoves in 20 million homes.
The university is dedicating a one-off funding council grant of up to £14m to carbon reduction projects, annual grants of £100,000 to sustainable transport initiatives and £100,000 to other sustainability initiatives.
However, critics often emphasise the degree to which emissions trading has been marred by weak caps, free handouts of permits to the biggest polluters and the purchase of "offsets" – carbon credits bought from outside the cap-and-trade system from carbon reduction projects in the developing world.
Johnson & Johnson and GM set capital aside annually for efficiency and carbon reduction projects—$40 million in J&J's case and $20 million at GM. Finally, the energy team can help connect two operations that are usually distinct: procuring energy and managing its use.
I take issue with Kolbert's lumping my carbon-reduction project, detailed in my book, "Farewell, My Subaru," with eco-stunts hatched over lunch meetings with literary agents.
And that is where we need to continue our fight to ensure government support is available to encourage small businesses to embark on larger-scale carbon-reduction projects.
Under the system established under the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, banks and others are encouraged to finance carbon-reduction projects in countries in exchange for permits that can be sold on carbon markets in Europe.
In other cases, rogue traders have resold expired permits while lax regulators have approved bogus carbon-reduction projects and cyberthieves have used fake e-mail messages to steal permits and sell them on electronic trading markets.
Mr. Reinfeldt, the Swedish prime minister, said leaders had agreed that developing nations needed about 100 billion annually by 2020 and that, of that sum, 22 billion to 50 billion would have to come from public funds, as opposed to private sources like investments in carbon-reduction projects.
