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This study clearly shows that information on spatial patterns of landscape heterogeneity is important for urban forest landscape planning to achieve forest carbon objective.
The net carbon payment (subsidies when carbon accumulates, tax when carbon is released) necessary to trigger a certain carbon objective through management change is, per definition, the mitigation cost.
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Maximization of the weighted sum of objective deviations results in an 'average' strategy that performs much better in attaining carbon objectives, but diversity is sacrificed.
Finally, the 'balanced' strategy (which underachieves attainment of the 'ideal' by the same degree for all objectives) attains diversity targets quite closely, but significantly underachieves economic and carbon objectives.
We focus on storylines related to four questions, namely: (1) What should REDD+ achieve: carbon or also non-carbon objectives?
Contrasting views on REDD + found in scholarly and political debates – such as carbon versus non-carbon objectives, authority of technical experts versus local communities, and market versus fund-based approaches – are not prevalent among project stakeholders, who believe that different approaches to REDD + can be combined and can even reinforce each other.
An innovative design approach is required to drive the minimisation of embodied carbon using objective performance information of buildings behaviour.
Considering that germanium species in solution are scarcely adsorbed on activated carbon, the objective of this research was to develop a method for its recovery from diluted aqueous solution by activated carbons.
Outcome measures compared were arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, objective clinical signs, intubation rate and death.
A low-carbon evaluation objective function is added to the substation planning model to evaluate the contribution of DGs to a low-carbon economy.
Considering that adventitious root formation (ARF) relies on adequate supply of carbon, the objectives of this study were (I) to evaluate how CO2 assimilation contributes to the carbon balance of petunia cuttings and (II) to study the extent to which CO2 assimilation depends on the progress of ARF and environmental key factors.
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