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In health, energy production from carbohydrate substrates is predominantly driven by mitochondrial oxidation and to a lesser extent by glycolysis.
Interaction energies between enzymes and carbohydrate substrates were calculated after short energy minimization by a molecular mechanics program.
Fermentation of carbohydrate substrates by microorganisms represents an attractive route for the manufacture of industrial chemicals from renewable resources.
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are a common ancillary module whose function is to promote the adherence of the complete enzyme to carbohydrate substrates.
Bioethanol, one of the main fermentation products, is predominantly produced using yeast through the fermentation of easily degradable carbohydrate substrates, such as corn starch and sugar cane (Henstra et al. 2007).
However, more studies are needed to elucidate if these bacteria are indeed more efficient in degrading cellulose from a specific biomass by cloning individual cellulase genes and perform in vitro studies on enzymatic degradation capacity of individual proteins using different carbohydrate substrates, before any direct conclusion should be drawn.
Loose parallels might be drawn to cellulases and chitinases, which efficiently degrade highly ordered, macromolecular, carbohydrate substrates.
There are parallels with the observations of Koves et al. [27] and Sparks et al. [45] where diet induced obesity in adult life induces oxidative stress associated with increased β-oxidation of fat metabolism, impaired switching of carbohydrate substrates, depletion of TCA cycle intermediates, and decreased expression of components of the electron transport chain.
Human gut bacteria are expected to encounter a broad spectrum of carbohydrate substrates.
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Also, because ALC was protective (ALC a key cofactor of β-oxidation), we tested the idea that these brain cells may be utilizing non-carbohydrate substrates as the source of ATP for survival during METH-induced mishandling of glucose.
For example, vast majority of CE10 enzymes act on non-carbohydrate substrates [ 1].
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