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The inch-square plastic box dispenses sheets of Listerine distilled onto a substance called pullulan, a carbohydrate matrix that dissolves on contact with saliva.
A bacterial biofilm is defined as a complex community of microorganisms embedded within a self-produced carbohydrate matrix attached to biological or non-biological surfaces [ 13].
This methodology allows us to identify and quantify sucrose crystals formed within a carbohydrate matrix while also mapping water migration through this complex matrix.
Water sorption proceeded from a high moisture environment (65%% relative humidity) towards a low moisture environment (2 % moisture carbohydrate matrix) in amorphous films regardless of carbohydrate composition.
This FT-NIR method was used to characterize water sorption through a carbohydrate matrix over time and measured both the propensity of the systems to form sucrose crystals and the influence sucrose crystals have on water sorption.
As expected, we detected genes related to carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZYmes), which function in the formation and modification of the carbohydrate matrix of wood cell walls, including genes encoding cellulose synthase-like (CSLs), pectin methyl esterases (PMEs), xyloglucan endo-transglucosylases and hydrolases (XETs and XEHs), and expansins [ 44].
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Overall, DHB/N-MA and DHB/N-EA exhibited excellent performance and might be significant sources as the carbohydrate matrices.
The idea of employing carbohydrate materials as modification of HILIC was based on hydrophilic binding principle of carbohydrate matrices such as cellulose and sepharose to oligosaccharides [ 31].
The cons of SE include the incomplete destruction of the lignin-carbohydrate matrix leading to the precipitation and condensation of soluble lignin components.
It was proposed that chitinases perforated the peritrophic membrane barrier, consisting of a network of chitin embedded in a protein-carbohydrate matrix, in the larval midgut and facilitated the invasion of Cry proteins into epithelial membranes (Regev et al. 1996; Ding et al. 2008).
On the other hand, the possibility of formation of fermentation inhibitors at high temperature, incomplete digestion of lignin-carbohydrate matrix and the need to wash the hydrolysate which decreases the sugar yield by 20% are few disadvantages associated with steam pretreatment (Agbor et al. 2011).
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