All microscopic observations and images capturing were conducted by using Leica DMIL microscope and Leica Microsystems digital imaging software (Leica Microsystems Wetzlar, Germany).
Chromatin conformation capture was conducted as described with minor modifications [16], [26].
Array-based capture was conducted on the NimbleGen SeqCap EZ Designs Library Capture platform (Roche).
Thereafter, gene capture was conducted by hybridization of target DNA to the baits.
Details on DNA extraction, purification and library preparation are provided by Butler et al. Of note, hybrid capture was conducted using Agilent SureSelectXT Human All Exon V4+UTRs kit.
The search for repeat elements in all BAC contigs and in the gene space obtained from sequence capture was conducted using RepeatMasker [ 62] using the Picea glauca repetitive library and default parameters.
Wolf captures were conducted according to Alberta Wildlife Animal Care Committee class protocol No. 009 (Alberta Sustainable Resource Development 2005).
For 2004, when seasonal captures were conducted in single sessions rendering comparisons between them meaningful, spring was also the season in which dispersion of the data was greatest.
However, captures were conducted at the end of each field trip (i.e., after demographic and human exposure data were collected for multiple days) and all study sites were subject to the same capture activities; thus, our activities should not bias our results.
Hybridization and image capture were conducted at the Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University.
