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We chose to use U-As as that captures exposure from all sources, including food.
Creatinine-adjusted urinary total arsenic, a good biomarker of aggregate ingested arsenic exposure, captures exposure from all sources including water, food, soil, and dust (Hughes 2006).
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The inability to distinguish past from recent exposures in house dust and the fact that house dust does not capture exposure from all sources, limit the interpretation of both positive and null findings and further work is needed.
Duplicate diet studies provide the best data for overall dietary exposure assessment because they capture exposures from food as prepared and eaten.
Cotinine is the major metabolite (70 80%) of nicotine, reflecting recent overall SHS exposure, which enables more accurate estimates of the associations between SHS exposure and CVD than the use of self-reported exposures, which may only partially capture exposures from different sources.
Moreover, we attempted to capture BC exposure from all residential addresses when participants moved.
On the other hand, nails capture historical exposure from several months to a year prior to sampling, there remains the possibility that exposure of the study subjects was inconsistent for some period during the past year.
Although we attempted to capture BC exposure from all residential addresses, we may be missing exposures at work and/or other locations where the participants spend a portion of their time.
Additionally, our models did not capture exposures arising from indoor sources, although we were able to evaluate self-reported secondhand smoke exposure as a potential confounder.
The direct measurement of phyto-oestrogen concentrations in the circulation makes it possible to capture phyto-oestrogen exposure from all sources, including those that may be inadequately represented in food composition databases.
In our study, we used time-weighted average concentrations (over approximately 4 hr) that did not capture exposures to high levels of naphthalene from local sources.
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