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They thrived in captivity, breeding with abandon.
While most freshwater aquarium fish are already bred in captivity, breeding saltwater species has been more difficult.
Although it is considered easy to keep echidnas healthy in captivity, breeding is difficult, partly due to the relatively infrequent cycle.
To avoid inbreeding depression and maintain adaptive potential in captivity, breeding interactions are managed to maximize retention of genetic diversity.
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Specifically, behavioral adaptation to captivity is often a result of captive breeding scenarios, with selection for more placid behavior appearing to take place [ 35, 36].
Since the first successful captive breeding in 1997, this species has bred easily in captivity.
Water voles were collected from the captive breeding establishments on 30/04/07 and 02/05/07, respectively, and maintained in captivity pre-release in specialist facilities in the Department of Zoology, University of Oxford.
Research is sorely needed on whether the demographic advantages of increasing population abundance via captive breeding can outweigh the genetic disadvantages of losing fitness in captivity.
There is, nevertheless, great scope for current and future salmonid captive breeding programs to reduce the rate of loss of genetic diversity in captivity (Table 2).
Thus, many historical captive breeding programs probably did not adopt procedures to reduce domestication selection or the loss of genetic diversity in captivity (see Table 2).
In captivity, however, breeding seasons may occur at any period in the year.
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