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They were built on cheap and patient capital supplied by the groups' financial firms, especially their banks.
Beginning in the 1880s, industry, which benefited from government protection and foreign capital, supplied an increasing quantity of consumer goods.
Finance allows the creation of vast enterprises out of the combined capital, supplied at modest cost, of millions of people.
The real risk to taxpayers is that loan losses will destroy some of the capital supplied to the three banks and the support provided for Northern Rock and Bradford & Bingley.
Its investment in Liquidia piggybacks on capital supplied to the company by traditional investors and is meant to ensure that the technologies the company develops for better delivery of vaccines not only benefit what Mr. Raikes calls "the rich world" but also serve the poor, who are the foundation's target.
The hybrid capital supplied by governments has usually been classified as tier-one, but often lacks the features intended for tier-one capital: that it is permanent, that dividends can be cut without defaulting, and that unpaid dividends do not accumulate.
Similar(49)
Suddenly, Fannie and Freddie's relatively anemic capital supply is a concern.
The old models contend that capital supply is highly sensitive to changes in tax policy, and that a zero tax rate is needed to prevent capital from drying up over the long run.
For now, though, we're into a negative loop where persistently weak demand is chipping away at the labor and capital supply and productivity advances needed to increase our potential growth rate.
The cost of regular capital supply was also considerable.
Thus, the SMEs were under the double restriction of a shortage of regular capital supply channels and the high cost of irregular capital supply (Zhou 2007).
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