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After 15 years of delay because of depression and capital shortages, cotton manufacturing and pig-iron production began to grow steadily in the state from about 1880.
I take exception to the view that exhibitors cannot afford the $125,000 per theater required for digital projectors because of capital shortages.
They may thus attract capital from less-developed countries that either do not or cannot tax such income when it is received by their residents, but this worsens problems of capital shortages.
This combination of expanding activity and intermittent capital shortages stimulated the early issuers of securities governments, banks, insurance companies, and some joint-stock enterprises, particularly the great trading companies.
"The macroeconomic models available at the time of the crisis typically ignored the banking system and failed to allow for the possibility that bank capital shortages and credit rationing might impact on macroeconomic developments," it said.
During this period mutual debts among enterprises helped resolve capital shortages.
Similar(46)
Yet saving Lehman would not have addressed the broader problem: the capital shortage in the global banking system.
"Over all, there were no surprises; if anything, there was lower capital shortage than expected," Mr. Vega said.
Analysts are less sanguine: estimates of the capital shortage range widely but have a mean of around €40 billion-50 billion of extra cash.
Simon Johnson, a former chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, estimates that the United States banks have a capital shortage of $500 billion.
In Europe, the growth of the cooperative movement begun in Germany in the 19th century as a response to capital shortage and farm indebtedness brought satisfactory solutions to problems of distribution of products from farmer to processor.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com