But without an influx of foreign capital, alternative sources of employment are difficult to find -- other than in what is euphemistically termed "the gray economy," which covers everything from smuggling electronics to not declaring employees to the tax authorities.
Already, we've seen new enthusiasm for an equity-based crowdfunding model for start-ups and that will only intensify in the wake of the JOBS Act, which officially turns crowdfunding into a legitimate venture capital alternative.
Most private forests belong to wealthy families who want safe places to store their capital, alternative sources of income as interest rates remain low and who (especially since the financial crisis) prize assets they can touch and sniff over paper promises.In this section Under the bonnet Eyes to the right What will become of them?
Venture capital, alternative investments, private equity, and annuities backed by insurance companies are several forms of "out of the box" portfolio strategies.
There has been no similar traction in emerging markets (excluding China, which has a mature marketplace lending industry) as the companies frequently have limited access to capital (alternative lending is highly capital-intensive), low-quality data (low penetration of credit histories) and scarce infrastructure, while the level of consumer sophistication is not on par with the U.S. or Europe.
The no-capital alternatives include enhancing the performance of current system and solvent substitution.
Ray said this week, however, that it was the most humane option available of the capital punishment alternatives — including hanging, decapitation, or electric chair — as it brings "instant death". .
"Investors are rotating capital into alternatives," Mr. Nuttall said.
The different energy efficiency measures are compared with less capital demanding alternatives (i.e. including low or no energy efficiency improvements) in order to assess the economic benefits of different strategies when converting a kraft pulp mill to ethanol production.
It is also shown that, within the context of this study, a larger investment in measures will give better economic results than less capital demanding alternatives (with less improvement in energy efficiency).
