We used population data to calculate per capita flows and GDP in constant 1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars to calculate material intensities (material flows per unit GDP), both from Maddison (2008).
Table 2 shows the regression results relative to annual growth in the outcomes (the variable of interest is the log of annual per-capita flow of payments).
Economic analysts have sometimes defined the concept in terms of nondeclining per capita income flows over time and debated how to maintain the capital endowments needed to sustain those income flows.
The domestic material consumption (DMC) was about 60 Tg in 2012 (11.4 Mg per capita), with waste flows about 19%% of DMC (or 2.2 Mg per capita).
Precisely, 1% increases in the real GDP per capita increase the migrants flow by 95%.
Hence, the populations that evolved slower growth experienced correlated declines in a broad array of traits that collectively determine the per capita rates of energy flow and reproductive output, leading to an overall reduction in fitness.
Empirical findings reveal that there is a short-run unidirectional causal flow running from per capita electricity consumption to per capita GDP without feedback.
The left-hand side vertical axis of Figs. 2, 3 and 4 represents the index of greenhouse gas emissions per capita, the index of material flows per capita, the index of land use per capita and the index of GDP per capita, while the right-hand side vertical axis represents for each case the decoupling indices in per capita terms.
Additional descriptive statistics on variables of interest are reported in the Additional file 1. Table 1 shows simple regressions of the growth in the outcomes over the logarithm of the flow of per-capita payments.
We estimate the amount by which the current GDP per capita would increase (in percentage terms) if losses of resource through illicit financial flows, corruption and debt servicing, were reduced.
We calculated the annual mean flow and available dilution per capita from the mean annual rainfall for 1961 1991 and from assumptions on runoff and evaporation for that location (Table 2) (Holmes et al. 2002).
