Organizational culture in the agriculture organizations in DRC can be characterized by weak incentives to perform, fragile work environment, and lack of accountability as a result of the lack of capacity, incentive structures, and management systems described above.
Second, this paper applies a simple, yet powerful, tool for rapid assessment to identify key actors, their linkages, constraints, capacity, and incentives.
Despite beginning from very similar innovation systems, China is developing institutional capacity and incentives that encourage the learning needed to compete in global technology development; Russia is dissipating its inherited science-technology capacity and becoming increasingly less competitive.
This framework gives emphasis to nine elements: (1) scientific issues; (2) research team issues; (3) risk and benefit in protocol design; (4) confidentiality; (5) selection, exclusion, and recruitment considerations; (6) informed consent and decisional capacity; (7) incentives; (8) institutional and peer/professional review issues; and (9) data presentation issues.
However, without capacity development, incentives and functioning accountability mechanisms, their ability to deliver services is limited.
Furthermore, all country teams emphasized the need for information on the available human resources for health (HRH) in their countries, specifically the number of available human resources, their capacity, and incentives required to implement specific interventions.
However, while other studies presented individual problems related to human resources productivity, capacity or incentives packages [ 32- 39], the current study has brought them all together to show multifaceted nature of the human resources problem.
It suggests focusing management in the short term on priority aquifers where capacity and incentives are present at the grassroots level, possibly through networks of cooperative institutions, rather than relying on national institutions which often require long-term effort to develop.
The government has been particularly indicated as having an important role as sector steward, with responsibilities for definition of the conceptual framework, designing data collection mechanisms, information governance, developing analytical devices and capacity, designing incentives and managing the political process [ 47].
While initial focus on generics and contract research, as well as reduced patent protection for drugs, has allowed the Indian biotech industry to build expertise and capacity, without incentives and focus on innovation the industry risks falling into the trap of focusing on low risk and profitable drugs rather than important health challenges.
