This would equate to a violation of fungibility, which is the property of a good or a commodity whose individual units are capable of mutual substitution.
As the G6pd2 expression profile is similar in B6 and Spr, it should be capable of functional substitution of G6pdx in both species.
As CodeML is only capable of analyzing substitutions, but not indels, any site with a gap in the alignment was ignored when calculating the average substitution rate.
A weakness is that the model is not yet fully capable of including substitutions between different medical professions to plan from a skill-mix perspective.
In contrast, our approach is capable of directly using substitution matrices that are known to perform well for certain evolutionary distances.
In our experience [ 14, 29], strong compositional heterogeneity, an indicator of underlying process heterogeneity, is common at sites capable of undergoing synonymous substitution.
This presumably indicates that, while not formally a borenium, the AlCl3 adduct of QOBCl 2 retains some borenium-like character and is capable of electrophilic aromatic substitution.
While models for phylogenetic analysis assume compositional homogeneity, strong compositional bias is common at sites capable of undergoing synonymous substitution [ 21, 36, 61].
In a single experiment, sequencing is capable of identifying nucleotide substitutions, insertions or deletions, and larger genomic rearrangements such as copy number changes, inversions, and translocations, simultaneously capturing all levels of genomic instability for a given population of tumor cells (Fig. 3) [ 69, 70].
The sets of substitutions required for a respiratory droplet transmissible A/H5N1 virus identified by (1) and (2) are unlikely to be the only combinations of substitutions capable of producing a respiratory droplet transmissible A/H5N1 virus.
We learn from these mice that a single amino acid substitution, capable of promoting gp130 signalling, is sufficient to perturb central tolerance, leading to increased numbers of self-reactive T cells in the periphery.
