Although all of the VP proteins were capable of inducing protective immune responses, no single VP protein protected both strains of mice tested.
The E protein of JEV has high potential for use as an immunogen capable of eliciting protective immunity, since JEV-neutralizing antibodies alone are sufficient to confer protection against infection., Ongoing efforts to develop new JE vaccines can be categorized into three different classes: (1) recombinant protein-based vaccines, (2) poxvirus-based vaccines, and (3) plasmid DNA-based vaccines.
An effective HIV vaccine remains elusive, and immunogens capable of eliciting protective host humoral immunity have not yet been identified.
Dendritic cells (DC) are the antigen presenting cells that initiate and direct adaptive immune responses, capable of inducing protective adaptive immune responses and tolerance.
The P-JEV construct is thus capable of generating protective neutralizing antibodies in mice and prime the immune system effectively against subsequent exposure to the virus.
Techniques in materials design, immunophenotyping, and informatics can be valuable tools for using a molecular based approach to design vaccine adjuvants capable of inducing protective immunity that mimics a natural infection but without the toxic side effects.
The spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is not only responsible for receptor binding, but also a major antigenic determinant capable of inducing protective immunity.
The demonstration that the VP proteins are capable of eliciting protective immune responses to EBOV-Z indicates that they may be important components of a vaccine designed to protect humans from Ebola hemorrhagic fever.
To determine whether the VP24, VP30, VP35, and VP40 proteins are also capable of eliciting protective immune responses, these genes were expressed from alphavirus replicons and used to vaccinate BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice.
Moreover, they highlight MC activators as a new class of vaccine adjuvants, capable of inducing protective antigen-specific immune responses through needle-free routes of administration.
