The CV testes show that VIBDGE is capable of inhibiting copper deposition in the absence of chloride ions and chloride ions have a synergistic effect with VIBDGE.
Complexes of copper capable of absorbing atmospheric CO2 have been incorporated into an electrocatalytic cycle and metal-free electrocatalysis of CO2 to methanol has been achieved with pyridinium ions.
Iron III) chloride is a mild oxidising agent, for example, it is capable of oxidising copper(I) chloride to copper II) chloride.
Similar results were obtained when the buffer was formate instead of citrate, a finding which rules out the possibility that amyloid formation at pH 3 requires the presence of a buffer anion capable of coordinating copper or zinc.
Indeed, Zn7MT-3β2α was capable of preventing copper mediated Aβ aggregation to a similar degree as Zn7MT-2A, while the Zn7MT-2β3α chimeric protein had a similar activity to Zn7MT-3 (Figure 2D).
There is unequivocal evidence that Ctr1 is not the only protein capable of mediating copper entry into mammalian cells, and it is quite possible that CuII rather than CuI is transported by Ctr1-independent mechanisms, based on divalent metal ion inhibition [47], [48].
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; Fig. 1a) is a synthetic antioxidant and inhibitor of NF-κB that is capable of binding copper [ 55, 56].
Here we show that CQ and PDTC are capable of binding copper, spontaneously forming new complexes that have proteasome-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities to cancer but not normal/non-transformed breast cells, and that premalignant or cancer breast cells cultured to contain elevated copper are sensitive to treatment with CQ or PDTC alone.
We now report that MT-2A is also capable of preventing copper-mediated Aβ aggregation (both Aβ1 40 and Aβ1 42), and that this involves a specific metal exchange interaction.
We found that the same CQ-copper and PDTC-copper complexes capable of proteasome inhibition (Fig. 3a, b) also demonstrated apoptosis induction, as shown by cleavage of PARP (Fig. 3c).
