In order to account for such differences between high R&D/GDP ratio and low capabilities in knowledge production, understanding the role of universities within such dynamics become crucial (Cho 2008).
Wu and Hu [ 26] also found that although IC shapes hospital financial and patient performance, this relationship is mediated by both process capabilities in internal and external management, and knowledge capabilities in knowledge acquisition, transfer, integration and application.
If we return to the Figueiredo (2008) four-dimensional transdisciplinary model of engineering, Makers interviewed showed strong capabilities in "design knowledge" and "knowledge from doing" categories.
Such organizations are particularly useful for large-scale, multi-party collaboration – a required capability in knowledge-intensive industries (Benkler, 2002; Powell et al. 1996).
In the recent years, the soft computing techniques are increasingly applied in many fields of civil engineering due to their capabilities in computation and knowledge processing.
The report concludes that "What the region needs to ensure a bright future for coming generations is the political will to invest in Arab capabilities and knowledge, particularly those of Arab women, in good governance, and in strong cooperation between Arab nations...
The multinational organization has accessed new products, reconfigured and secured the value chain by tapping into new or better resources (through partners and cluster development) whilst improving their capabilities (in terms of skills, knowledge and productivity) of its suppliers.
Arts, artistic research, arts-based innovation, and 'Creative Knowledge Environments': Creative Knowledge Environments (Hemlin et al. [2004]) are interested in contributing to capabilities of knowledge creation, knowledge production, and innovation in organizations and in networks.
This model ranks outcome measures into four levels: satisfaction of participants (level 1), increase in knowledge or capability (level 2), change of behavior as a result of the learning experience (level 3), and the impact of this change in behavior (level 4) [ 27].
An evolutionary perspective was used to measure innovation capabilities using knowledge embodied in machinery, training, processes and products.
Findings from this work are helping to develop analysis techniques, information architectures, and system simulation capabilities for knowledge sharing in an expert community.
