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In our empirical analysis, we can confirm such a cost cap bias, which exists over and beyond the rational choice of cost cap tariffs.
They highlight that there might exist a "cost cap bias", by which customers favor cost caps over pay-per-use tariffs and flat rates even if the tariffs yield the same economic costs.
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Were a Britain portfolio to exclude just one stock, such as BP, it would have a small-cap bias, a sector bias and a currency bias (most of BP's revenue is in dollars).
That price discipline colors everything about this portfolio, including sector and market-cap biases, which can be substantial.
We do not propose that actin branches are aligned in a certain direction and we agree that actin interactors, such as capping proteins, may bias the direction of growth, as commented in the Discussion.
The best legislation would therefore simply close loopholes and straighten out distortions, such as America's $1m salary cap and France's bias towards options, and set out standards of transparency.Companies everywhere urgently need to take steps to ensure that top executives' pay is seen as fair and deserved.
"The key reason for fundamental weighting is to avoid the negative bias of cap-weighting," Mr. Wilson said.
What is the upside of pay-to-play backroom deals with content providers, or of data caps that are biased for or against different types of net use?
It's remarkable that no one has sorted this problem out; nearly a century ago, HW Fowler was already calling it "a cause of endless confusion" bias, biased Bible cap up if referring to Old or New Testament, lc in such sentences as "the stylebook is my bible"; the adjective biblical is always lc Bible belt biblical quotations Use a modern translation, not the Authorised Version.
The detailed empirical investigation of the extent of a bias for cost cap tariffs, in particular, in relation to the well-known flat rate bias, therefore, seems to be a fruitful avenue for future research.
While large-cap semiconductor stocks, such as industry giant Intel, have struggled to maintain a positive bias during the past year, small-cap and mid-cap chip firms are performing quite well.
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