This result was further confirmed using atomic force microscopy and DNA transforming experiments, suggesting that nonphysiological, high concentrations of Ca2+ enhanced the penetrability of cell membranes so that QDs, which cannot enter cells normally due to their greater diameter (3 4 nm), can do so easily into competent cells.
The possible mechanism of effects of GO on mice is suggested as follows: when GO enters into mouse body by vessel injection, directly enter into blood circulation system, as one kind of foreign body, which should be recognized and tracked by immune cells, GO quickly distributes into lung, liver, spleen, and kidney, but cannot enter into brain due to blood brain barrier.
We did not specifically assess whether there were differences in the membrane signalling by 1α,25(OH)2D3, but our finding that E2-BSA, which cannot enter the cell due to its size [ 41], had no effect on male osteoblasts indicates that this mechanism of oestrogen action is not operative in cells from male donors.
We propose that as cells enter replicative senescence they progress to G2 phase due to activated TOR pathway but cannot enter to mitosis.
Lactate is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, elevated in hypoperfusion states when pyruvate cannot enter the Krebs cycle due to insufficient oxygen supply and it is shunted to lactate.
However, owing to its large molecular weight, SOD cannot enter the cell to exert its effects.
AEDs — Automatic External Defibrillators — are designed for public places and although safe, cannot enter the home-market due to their cost and need for constant, high-cost maintenance.
Lacking a B subunit, it cannot enter bystander cells to kill them [ 17].
