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Ethically, subjects in this situation cannot be randomized to resume Materna® or another generic prenatal multivitamin.
As patients cannot be randomized to their risk factor for ALI, an observational study is the only way in which we can evaluate the potential independent mortality effects of sepsis-induced versus non-sepsis-induced ALI in humans.
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Patients cannot be randomized at individual level and cluster randomization should rather be used.
Women with symptomatic candidiasis cannot ethically be randomized to a 'no treatment' trial arm, whereas currently, asymptomatic Candida colonization is not considered to require treatment.
Only if mothers cannot or intend not to breastfeed their newborns, the study team asks the parents for their consent to participate in the study and to be randomized to one of the three formula groups.
Given that many interventions in undergraduate STEM education cannot be randomized, is there a way to distinguish the impact of incoming student characteristics from the impact of the intervention itself?
This design is approved by Cochrane for use in systematic reviews of interventions " that cannot be randomized, or which are extremely unlikely to be studied in randomized trials" [ 28].
In practice, we sample 1,000 times the empirical data and compare each sampled empirical matrix of one household to the corresponding synthetic matrix, whose generation process cannot be randomized, obtaining one value of the (R_{0}) ratio from each comparison.
Patients with an eGFR <35 mL/min/1.73 m cannot be randomized in ATMOSPHERE.
Typically, this solution is only a "thought experiment," because most exposures cannot be randomized, except for certain preventive or therapeutic interventions.
Collectively, these limitations are particularly important for the question under study because it is not ethical or feasible to conduct randomized controlled trials to examine the influence of diabetes etiology or HbA1c control (i.e., these exposures cannot be randomized) on periodontal pathology.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com