Central to these algorithms is the estimation of the needle states (position and orientation of the needle tip) from only the needle-tip position measurements; needle-tip orientation cannot be directly measured since the needle shaft is very thin.
For biological interactions, these parameters usually cannot be directly measured and need to be identified from measurement data.
It is a measurement instrument for characteristics or attitudes that cannot be directly measured.
However, the fracture properties of individual microscopic constituents cannot be directly measured with conventional mechanical tests.
A new adaptive genetic algorithm is proposed to identify the parameters that cannot be directly measured.
Also, the horizontal motions cannot be directly measured in the solar photosphere.
Lead time (LT) is of key importance in early detection of cancer, but cannot be directly measured.
These parameters are critical for a better understanding of membrane transport properties and cannot be directly measured by other techniques.
Coastal resources such as waters and beach cannot be directly measured in money terms, which increases the risk of being neglected in a decision making process.
The SMC is then designed based on the reduced model and the state observer is formulated to estimate feedback states which cannot be directly measured from sensors.
Nevertheless, the coefficient of tortuosity (which partially controls diffusivity in concrete) cannot be directly measured, although it is an important parameter to model the calcium diffusion process.
