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For an odd number of degrees of freedom (10) cannot be directly evaluated.
While validity cannot be directly evaluated, two assessments of helmet use test-retest reliability found kappa scores of 0.76 (for wore helmet "never" or "rarely") (Brener et al. 2002) and 0.50 (for "always" wore helmet) (Brener et al. 1995).
Possible misclassification of ethnicity as a factor in the observed excess liver cancer cannot be directly evaluated because we have limited race-specific data.
The overall effectiveness of the outreach cannot be directly evaluated because of other community and environmental action group campaigns that ran concurrently during this time period.
Since the ground truth cognitive impairment is unknown, the accuracy of the ADAS-CogIRT methodology for measuring cognitive impairment cannot be directly evaluated.
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However, the number of lane changes cannot be directly used to evaluate the effect of a snowstorm on driver behavior because they may vary greatly based on the total traffic volume.
PRO differ from other measurements because such patient's characteristics cannot be directly observed and measured and are usually evaluated using self-assessment questionnaires which consist of a set of questions often called items whose responses provided by the patients are frequently combined to give scores.
They are used for evaluating endpoints that cannot be directly observed and measured, such as Health Related Quality of Life (HR-QoL), anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, addictive behaviors... Usually, patients respond to a questionnaire containing several items, with binary or ordinal responses, and the responses are often combined to give scores.
If the nodule cannot be directly defined as benign, the nodule is further evaluated.
The current analysis cannot be directly extrapolated across all of Europe because it evaluates cost-effectiveness from a German health insurance perspective.
Knowledge that cannot be directly applied is given little value.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com