Sentence examples for canker development from inspiring English sources

The results show that among the proteins differentially expressed during citrus canker development, proteins with a role in carbon metabolism, photosynthesis and stress defense responses are prominent.

Although there are studies describing global gene expression analysis on citrus plants during canker development that provide valuable information on the changes in gene expression [8], this is the first study identifying proteins whose abundance is modified by citrus canker.

We also found that many of the rapidly Xc-induced genes, including cellulases, expansins and other cell-wall remodeling proteins, are co-regulated by auxin and gibberellin, hormones that are required for canker development [ 27] and control cell growth and expansion in other plant species [ 28].

Using a cross-check criteria we were able to select targets that 1) are differentially expressed in epicotyls expressing the corresponding TAL effector, 2) are also differentially expressed after infiltration of Xc in the presence of Ch, and 3) are functionally associated with the mechanisms of canker development or defense response (Table  1).

The genes associated with canker development that were most strongly induced by both PthA2 and PthA4, encode cell-wall synthesis and remodeling enzymes, including a glycosyl transferase ortholog of upa15 (CV709535) that is readily up-regulated by AvrBs3 in pepper plants [ 10].

Despite the fact that many TAL effectors targets and their molecular functions have been coming to light in recent years [ 3, 6- 11, 74, 75], citrus genes directly activated by PthA"s" or PthC"s" effectors, and their role in canker development or host defense against Xanthomonas spp., remain poorly characterized.

Another possibility is that intracellular HrpB2 may contribute to Xac survival while extracelular HrpB2 contributes to citrus canker symptom development.

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Duncan), considered to be highly susceptible to the bacterium, showed the characteristic sequence of canker lesion development.

By extensive gene expression analyses, we had identified numerous genes up-regulated during the canker disease development of sweet orange leaves infiltrated with Xc [ 26].

The identification of PthA"s" and PthC"s" targets, such as the LOB (LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY) and CCNBS genes that we report here, is key for the understanding of the canker symptoms development during host susceptibility, or the defenses of sweet orange against the canker bacteria.

Furthermore, four genes uniquely found by RNA-seq are involved in signal transduction and gene regulation, i.e. XAC4116 encoding a serine/threonine kinase, XAC1819 encoding a tryptophan-rich sensory protein, and two regulatory genes XAC3026, and XAC3363, whose function in citrus canker disease development remain to be explored.