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Figure 3 Hypothesis for the protumorigenic role of UA in the breast cancer microenvironment.
Fig. 2 Role of miRNAs in EVs in the cancer microenvironment.
Open image in new window Figure 1 Functional implications of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the ovarian cancer microenvironment.
As a consequence tumor-specific T cells residing in the cancer microenvironment are subjected to glutamine deprivation in addition to glucose competition.
As summarized above, EVs have various effects on cells in the cancer microenvironment and on cancer cells themselves, participating in the various timing features of tumor progression.
Open image in new window Figure 2 The balance between CD8 + T cell and Treg cells in the ovarian cancer microenvironment.
NPs also have been applied in the microfluidic 3D tumor model ("Tumor microenvironment-on-chip") reconstituting the breast cancer microenvironment surrounded by the lymphatic and capillary microvessels (Fig. 3b) [77].
Moreover, the ovarian cancer microenvironment can induce migration of CTLA4+ FOXP3+ GITR+ Tregs via the chemokine CCL22 and its receptor CCR4, the latter expressed by infiltrating Tregs (Curiel et al., 2004; Landskron et al., 2015).
It is well documented from studies in mouse models and patients that IDO expressed in cancer cells or DC in the cancer microenvironment mediates immunosuppressive effects and tolerance to tumor via mechanisms independent from l-tryptophan deprivation [177, 178].
BMDCs, and in particular MSCs, are recruited to tissues undergoing active remodeling, including the cancer microenvironment.
The core serum response does display many aspects of wound healing and previous work has suggested that the cancer microenvironment resembles a wound that does not heal [17].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com