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Since phase III definitive efficacy trials with cancer endpoints require a lengthy timeframe and considerable resources for completion, it is critical to first optimize agent delivery and trial design and to determine preliminary efficacy via the conduct of phase II trials.
Definitive prevention trials with cancer endpoints, such as the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT), Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), and Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), require long trial duration (up to 12 years) and large sample size (up to 32,400 subjects) to accomplish their objectives.
However, the relatively low rate of progression to cancer [5] has made clinical trials with cancer endpoints challenging because of the large number of subjects and long follow-up period required.
We used probabilistic matching software to ascertain cancer endpoints through cancer registries in the original eight states and three additional states with the highest percentages of participants who had moved out of state during the follow-up period (Arizona, Nevada, and Texas).
Expression profiles of cancer endpoints are more valuable in clinical practice.
In this section, we discuss each of the individual lympho-hematopoietic cancer endpoints analyzed in the epidemiology studies described above.
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The most frequently reported cancer endpoint was NHL.
For example, the NIEHS and SAI predictors for the breast cancer endpoint E (NIEHS_BR_E_5 [982 features] and SAI_BR_E_1 [51 features] respectively) have close predictive powers (Validation MCC of both signatures is 0.748), but completely different feature sizes.
In separate analyses, we investigated the relation of physical activity with breast cancer endpoint subgroups defined by ER status (ER-negative, ER-positive, or ER-unknown tumors), tumor stage (invasive or in situ breast cancer), and histological subtype (ductal, lobular, or mixed ductal-lobular histology).
Estimates of the margin of exposure (MOE) with respect to the cancer endpoint (Kuiper-Goodman 2004; O'Brien et al. 2006) were made for selected age groups by dividing the TD05 (19.6 µg OTA kg bw−1 by the mean or 90th percentile of exposure.
The agency acknowledged that "currently, the publicly available information regarding non-cancer endpoints for glyphosate and glyphosate formulations is limited".
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