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Moreover, EPCs likely contribute to angiogenesis-associated cancer diffusion [ 12].
(18, 19) Thus, reversing or blocking EMT is a promising therapeutic strategy to limit cancer diffusion.
Desmoplasia may represent a barrier against cancer diffusion or a stroma to build up and support the tumor.
The IFG1/insulin pathway may also enhance the promotion and progression of many types of cancer cells and facilitate cancer diffusion through angiogenesis.
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Disruption of the prostatic epithelium in inflammation and prostate disorders, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer, causes diffusion of PSA into the tissue around the epithelium and leads to elevated concentrations of circulating PSA in these conditions.
They speculated that the formation of a pseudocapsule could constitute a protective immunoinflammatory reaction against the metastatic nodule, and that the host defense reaction created a wall to inhibit cancer cell diffusion.
In cancer imaging, diffusion-weighted MRI can be performed for tumour detection and characterization, monitoring of treatment response as well as the differentiation of recurrence and post-therapeutic changes after radiotherapy.
At DWI endometrial cancer shows restricted diffusion on high b value (b = 1000 s/mm) images (Fig. 1).
Theilman et al. showed that in 60 measurable liver metastases from breast cancer monitored by diffusion MRI after initiation of new courses of chemotherapy, DW-MRI predicted response by 4 or 11 days after commencement of therapy, particularly in tumour lesions that were less than 8 cm in volume at presentation [ 24].
These results show that among cDWI1500, cDWI2000, and cDWI3000 image sets, cDWI2000 image set provides the best performance facilitating the conspicuity of prostate cancer on computed diffusion-weighted imaging.
As with other tumours, breast cancers demonstrate restricted diffusion because water molecules cannot move as freely in tissues with a high cell density where extracellular space is limited; this results in reduced signal loss from Brownian motion and is seen as a high signal intensity lesion on the DW-MRI image.
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