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Following on from this, we remark that several other TFs are indeed, like FOXO, regulated by multiple PTMs, including the tumour suppressor p53 (UNIPROT accession P04637 for the human protein), which can undergo modifications including phosphorylation (by multiple kinases including ATM/ATR), acetylation, methylation and ubiquitylation at least 17 sites [133].
In humans, the electrocardiogram (ECG) can undergo modifications in response to regular exercise that mimic changes associated with pro-arrhythmic states such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, e.g. [ 15, 21, 31, 32] although, the causes and outcomes of physiological and pathological remodelling are usually different, e.g. [ 10].
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Insulin analogues can undergo modification at the site of injection, so the relevance of proliferative effects identified in vitro to in vivo risks is questionable.
Despite the fact that the general shape and size of the body and its parts are determined by heredity, the body can undergo some modifications in response to present conditions.
In addition to sumoylation, lysine residues can undergo other modifications including acetylation and methylation [37], [55].
Upon antigen encounter, antibody-encoding genes can undergo further modifications including somatic hypermutations (SHM) and class switch recombinations (CSR).
Protein kinase activities are redox-sensitive because key cysteine residues in these proteins can undergo posttranslational modifications by oxidants [5].
The cytosines in mammalian DNA can undergo epigenetic modifications to 5mC and 5hmC.
It is well known that during cell culture different kind of stem cells can undergo functional modifications related to the number of culture passages [ 70, 71].
One reason for this high number is due to the fact that proteins can undergo posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation [ 48], which can give rise to multiple forms of the same gene product.
Certain residue side chains can undergo chemical modifications, which expand the building blocks of proteins from the 20 canonical amino acids to a growing list of interesting molecules, and expand the proteome to include differentially modified proteins.
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