The gradient term ∇ a E, for example, can then be approximated using the central difference approximation as ∇ aE ≈ E ( Φ a, b, h, θ ) − E ( Φ a − ϵ, b, h, θ ) 2 ϵ. (16).
For example, the fraction can be approximated as:.
Altogether ion channels and membrane potentials are described by a piecewise deterministic Markov process which, as shown for example in [6], can be approximated by the solution to the SDE shown in (1) and (4).
For example, feature points on a planar transform projectively between different views, and the projective transformation can in many cases be approximated by an affine transformation.
If, for instance, people are designing a bridge, the equations that model its sturdiness are so complicated that the solution can only be approximated on a computer.
For example, distribution of signal log ratios for all transcripts can be approximated by continuous curves that define significance boundaries [ 20].
Using nationwide AES data, for example, national JE incidence estimates can be approximated.
For example, third derivative in Equation (5) can be approximated by a difference of second derivatives.
For example, Bishop showed that noise injection can be approximated by a Tikhonov regularization on the square error cost function [33].
Fisher design, for example, assumes that the posterior distribution can be approximated by a multivariate Gaussian about its maximum.
