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But sometimes, emphasizing collectivism can cause groups to blur not only disruptive attributes, but also important differences among members, such as a veteran climber's expertise.
The idea that conflict between groups can cause groups to become internally more cohesive was put forward by sociologists many centuries ago.
Vegetative reproduction and self-fertilization can cause groups of plants to be more closely related than groups of animals (Wade 1980), increasing the potential for kin selection.
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Heterogeneity in infection risk can cause randomized groups to increasingly differ as a trial progresses and as more high-risk individuals become infected (described in prior work as the "frailty" phenomenon).
Cliques can cause entire groups of people to isolate themselves from others.
Mutations in multiple glycosyltransferases that add carbohydrates to dystroglycan can cause a group of diseases that are characterized by a progressive loss of muscle function, known as congenital muscular dystrophies.
Note that an individual-level variable (z ij ) can cause confounding between groups even if it doesn't cause confounding within groups.
It is hard to imagine that men like Bolsonaro, Feliciano and Malafaia (all extremely conservative congressmen) are not aware of the wave of violence that their words can cause against certain groups.
For example, one respondent said, "One student goofing off or not focusing can cause the whole group to lose track of where it is in the studying process".
Differences in scaling can cause variables to group on a factor due to differences in scale alone, but while we had some radiographic grades that were based on a 0 to 3 scale while others were on a 0 to 4 scale, we did not observe groupings based solely on this difference in scaling.
The typical clinical presentations vary by serological group; however, all BHS groups can cause both major and minor infections 1.
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