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Confounding can still occur at other levels of aggregation not taken into account, and variables that are not measured in the study can cause confounding.
Variations in bowel cleansing quality before colonoscopy can cause confounding of results within clinical trials and inappropriate treatment decisions in clinical practice.
Neonatal respiratory admissions, air pollution, and weather can vary seasonally and may have other unexplained time trends that can cause confounding (Peng et al. 2006).
Note that an individual-level variable (z ij ) can cause confounding between groups even if it doesn't cause confounding within groups.
These factors and others can cause confounding as they can be associated with both patient status and maternal or infant outcomes.
Armadillos can also be applied for testing new diagnostic candidates because they are the only host in which the true status of infection can be determined, and the long incubation period of leprosy in humans can cause confounding results.
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Choice of endpoints may also cause confounding of results.
8. Patients in trials may or may not be permitted to use low dose aspirin, because aspirin, even at low doses, can cause gastrointestinal problems and confound results.
In addition, RE digestion and bisulfite conversion are sources of variability as the initial treatment of DNA can cause non-specific template degradation and confound the relative comparison between samples and control 100% methylated DNA [ 39].
A significant barrier to the methodical study of cough in IPF is that patients frequently have confounding co-morbidities which can cause or exacerbate cough.
Tamoxifen may persist in the liver for 1-4 weeks after injection, and higher doses can cause nonspecific recombination. 3 Either may confound accurate fate mapping by labeling additional cell types.
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