Any number of traits can be adaptive without those traits being adaptations.
Another pervasive interaction involves plasticity and genetic adaptation; plasticity can be adaptive if plastic trait variation increases individual fitness (Nicotra et al. 2010), or it can be maladaptive if plasticity decreases fitness (Ghalambor et al. 2007).
Ontogenetic adaptations, including any behavior we learn in our lifetimes, can be adaptive to the extent that an organism benefits from them but they are not adaptations in the relevant sense.
These can be adaptive qualities.
And vigilantism can be adaptive, too.
Indeed, contra Gaylin, hatred can be adaptive, especially in a creature with long memory; in hunter-gatherer life, it may have been essential.
Wallace differed from Darwin on this question, arguing that selection sometimes operates at the level of groups and hence that there can be adaptive features that benefit the group at the expense of the individual.
"It's one of those things where, wow, you realize you can be resilient, you can be adaptive, you can be clever, and you can still all be extinct," Thomas McGovern, a professor of archeology at Hunter College, who has studied the Norse for thirty-five years, told me.
Cooperation can be adaptive.
These agents and systems can be adaptive in nature and can also evolve.
Inheriting the characteristics of the SAC, this method can be adaptive online for the parameter uncertainties.
