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Owls were surveyed using call playback at 472 sites, selected by stratified random sampling from geographical information system (GIS) data.
Observer trails, and call playback used for surveying birds, can alter the behaviour of animals and cause them to move out of, or into, the reedbeds.
We fitted a linear mixed effects model to explain variation in time allocated to foraging immediately following a conspecific alarm call playback.
Samples were never collected on the same day an alarm call playback was conducted, and our data set contains a range of days between collection/trapping events and playbacks (range −64 to 58 days, X ± SD = −1.20 ± 19.49).
We tested for effects of age class, sex, and body condition on baseline foraging behavior (i.e., 60 s prior to alarm call playback) by fitting a linear mixed effects model with maximum likelihood estimation (West et al. 2006) and individual identity specified as the repeated subject measure.
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Moreover, NCM neurons show responses that parallel categorical preferences of male zebra finches for the long calls of females over those of males (as revealed by quantification of zebra finch calling in response to long call playbacks; [35]).
Call playbacks consisted of 3 10 hiccups played over several seconds.
Call playbacks may have increased individual recognition, and identified more areas where the monkeys were present.
Marmots appear to habituate to alarm call playbacks, though the overall effect is small (Table 3).
As expected, males and yearlings suppressed foraging more than females and adults following alarm call playbacks.
Since surilis intensively respond to stranger call playbacks [ 35], we used a playback design to collect data under comparable conditions.
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