We included in our sensitivity analyses an alternative calibration of age-specific susceptibilities that gave rise to a flat age-specific attack rate, similar to that of the 1968 pandemic [21] (see Supporting Information Text S2).
Among several tests, the authors employed a 'fossilized-birth-death' (FBD) Bayesian dating approach in which only the frond fossils were used for the calibration of age-distribution priors.
For chronological data, the uncertainty is commonly an experimental error given as a standard deviation or a range of ages, e.g., after calibration of radiocarbon ages.
Because of the poor calibration of the age plus Gail RR model, we also examined a model that entered all Gail risk factors individually, and this model was better calibrated to our data.
Throughout this paper ages are referred in calendar years BC or AD, based on the calibration of radiocarbon ages.
Since both the study area and Okinawa are in the Kuroshio region, temporal changes in ΔR will affect the calibration of 14C ages used to provide calendar dates for our specimens.
19 Continuous measurement of HR variability and experimental calibration of data by age, gender, weight, height and self-reported physical activity class was recently shown to provide accurate estimates of the intensity of the physical activity.
Data also were collected on frequency of calibration, age and floor surface beneath the scale.
The use of a hard bound minimum age calibration of 25 MY as the latest possible population split would bias the estimations towards younger ages [ 41], so we use the earlier date of 33 MY as the most plausible time of separation between the Sardinian clade and its sister, which may still be conservative (too recent) if the separation of the lineages predated the split of the microplates.
This discordance is attributed to a variety of variables including calibration age uncertainty, calibration placement, nucleotide substitution rate heterogeneity, or the specified molecular clock model.
For the age calibration of the phylogenetic tree we used the point of separation between the Sardinian and the continental lineages.
