(3) Divergence time estimation: the divergence times were estimated using the mcmctree [ 69] in PAML [ 70] and recalculated using the multidivtime [ 71, 72] program, and all were calibrated by five fossil records [ 73] (Additional file 5: Figure S17 and Additional file 9: Note S4).
The phylogenetic trees and divergence time analyses, including the phylogenetic trees based on CDS, protein, 1st, 2nd, 1st and 2nd, 3rd, 4d codon position of codon sequences of 3,181 genes, mitochondrial CDS sequences, and divergence times calibrated by five fossil records.
These high-efficiency spectrometers will be re-calibrated by two three-signal ionization chambers to be operated with 42 band pass filters on routine during the mission.
The reference is calibrated by averaging three to five FLIM measurements of a freshly prepared 1 mg/ml solution of erythrosine B (cat # 198269, Sigma-Aldrich, Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands) in H2O, which has a known short fluorescence lifetime of 0.086 ns [49], [50].
The reference was calibrated by averaging three to five FLIM measurements of a 1 mg/ml solution of erythrosine B (cat # 198269, Sigma-Aldrich, Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands) in H2O, which has a known short fluorescence lifetime of 0.08 ns [ 19, 20].
The measured sources included four standard lamps (two calibrated by PTB and two calibrated by NPL), global natural sunlight under clear sky conditions, a steady-state xenon-halogen solar simulator for solar cell calibration (Wacom) and a steady-state xenon large area solar simulator (Apollo).
In more detail, the MWCM was initially calibrated by using two standard curves: the first one, stated by Eurocode 9, suitable for assessing ground butt welds subjected to uniaxial loading, whereas the second one, suggested by the International Institute of Welding (IIW), suitable for estimating fatigue strength of aluminium welded details loaded in torsion.
The developed program is first calibrated by simulating four typical crack problems.
