"Waves on Titan's seas will be far larger, but much slower, than on earthly oceans, according to our calculations," said Professor John Zarnecki, of the Open University.
The calculations of Professor William Lazonick suggest that in 2011, along with $6.2bn paid in dividends, Pfizer repurchased $9bn in stock, equivalent to 90% of its net income and 99% of its R&D expenditures.
Calculations by Professor Spiegelhalter and others suggest that had such monitoring been in place, the extra deaths in Bristol would have been noticed earlier, and the fact that suspicious numbers of Shipman's patients were dying might have been picked up after he had killed just 60 or so, rather than the 200-plus he is now thought to have murdered.
"This is the first concrete example in biology of such a sophisticated arithmetic calculation," said Professor Martin Howard, a mathematical modeller at the centre.
Calculations published by Professor Tom Wigley in the journal Climatic Change in 2011 show that unless fugitive emissions of methane are kept below 2 per cent, then shale gas is no better than coal from a global warming perspective.
But in longer perspective, calculations by Wharton professor Jeremy Siegel suggest that, counting dividends and adjusting for inflation, the market is still about 25% above its 1801-2000 averagrowthwtrendend.
(I'll leave the frequency calculation to you, Professor Pabst).
Before transaction costs, according to the professors' calculations, this portfolio would have produced an average annual return of more than 13percentt a year over the four decades they studied.
That leads to much lower risk-adjusted performance for such portfolios -- more than 50percentt lower, in fact, according to the professors' calculations of the Sharpe Ratio, which relates performance to volatility.
In that event, according to the professors' calculations, you might make money by going long in markets whose cities start the day in sunshine and going short in markets whose cities are under clouds.
