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Various speciation and extinction metrics have been proposed for rate calculation of modern and fossil taxa.
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The distinction between Trump's blunt campaign promise on abortion and his cagier instructions to Leo (if Leo's account is complete) illustrates one of the political calculations of modern Supreme Court selection.
Mr. Obama's near-complete absence from more than 25 percent of the states, from which he is politically estranged, is no surprise, reflecting routine cost-benefit calculations of the modern presidency.
John Harwood explains how Mr. Obama's near-complete absence from a quarter of the 50 states reflects "routine cost-benefit calculations of the modern presidency" that may have consequences "in a country splintered by partisanship and race".
In 2000, well before the current flurry of pension-related municipal bankruptcies, he wrote his doctoral dissertation on how and why conventional pension calculations run afoul of modern economic principles.
More recently, many techniques have been applied to further improve the efficacy of SF, such as including thermodynamic data [ 23, 24], including data derived from quantum chemical calculation [ 25, 26], application of modern computation technique and computational intelligence [ 27, 28], etc.
He had jumped from a blank sheet of paper to an embryonic version of the "present value" calculation at the heart of modern finance.Petty's landholding also provided the spur for his most important invention, GDP.
Problem statement: Modern calculation of soils (according to the Russian building code «SP 22.13330.2011») limits an actual soil pressure Pi by means of design resistance of a soil R. At the same time the pressure range (R<Pi<Pult) is not widely used.
Before the advent of modern computers, variational calculations were difficult and estimating their accuracy was important.
Since the entry of modern electronic-structure calculations, in particular density functional methods, the understanding of the molecular mechanism of cobalamins has changed dramatically, going from a dominating view of trans-steric strain effects to a much more complex view involving an arsenal of catalytic strategies.
He calculated the circumference of the Earth as 24,835 miles, which is close to modern day calculation of 24,900 miles.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com