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Sample size calculation and outcome analysis took cluster-adjustment into account.
However, no more than 30% of included reports presented the primary and second outcome, sample size calculation and outcome estimation, etc.
17 All the analyses including propensity score calculation and outcome comparison were performed separately among those with an initial rhythm of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT) and among those with non-VF/VT, because the initial rhythms definitively determine the cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures and prognoses.
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Quality of papers was assessed using the Downs & Black's checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomized and non-randomized studies of health care interventions, which systematically assesses quality of reporting on issues ranging from research aims, power calculations, intervention, and outcome instruments [ 35].
However, with the advances in computational power and the wide dissemination of very powerful software for structural modeling, it is important that the relationship between paradigms for hand calculation and the outcomes of fully nonlinear computer calculations is clarified.
If this were true then our results would have been biased to the null unless the general practitioners a priori decided that an association between eGFR, a value requiring calculation, and our outcomes existed.
For ICER calculation, costs and outcomes were discounted equally with 3% per annum as suggested in Germany [ 42] (Table 2).
Only one of the six studies considered intra-class correlation in the calculation of sample size and outcome analyses [ 20].
Sample size calculation and analysis of outcomes based on intention-to-treat principle are important.
This uncertainty is mainly caused by methodological limitations such as poor study design, relatively small sample sizes without a power calculation, inappropriate outcome measures and primary and secondary end-point selection, and invalid statistical analysis.
For comparisons between different healthcare settings, surveillance methods and outcome calculations should be standardized.
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